Visual Word and Pseudohomophone Effect Essay Example for Free

Visual Word and Pseudohomophone Effect EssayOver the past three decades, more cognitive psychologists put on paid more attention to the processes involved in optic ledger of honor credit rating than to almost any other subject in their field. The annals of cognitive psychology have thus burgeoned with papers on develop cognizance while work on other topics, many relating to other aspects of reading much(prenominal)(prenominal) as syntactical parsing or discourse memory, have been substantially less popular. in that location are many reasons why work in one interrogation area can take off and flourish reasons which are sociological and pragmatic rather than just scientific. As far as visual vocalise recognition is concerned, there are several sociological/pragmatic circumstanceors. One relates to the advent of new technology. The development of the micro data processor provided ready retrieve to procedures for online get over of reply time (RT) and tachistoscopic e xperiments, and there are few simpler stimuli to present on-line than single printed backchats.With simplicity comes some degree of popularity. The advent of the microcomputer stimulated research into visual record recognition in a less trivial way too, because microcomputers allowed more sophisticated experimental procedures to develop than were hitherto possible. (Johnson, Rayner, 2007) In particular, by linking computer controlled displays to warmheartedness movement recording apparatus, experimenters began for the first time to gain direct evidence of the relations mingled with eye movements and reading.A second reason for the popularity of visual word recognition is that simple tasks are at hand, for which accurate and sensitive measures can be derived, such as lexical decision, naming, and semantic classification. Further, and perhaps most importantly, these tasks can be related to models of word recognition, in which task performance is decomposed into a series of process ing stages characterized by access to different knowledge representations. An modeling of this is the logogen model in its revised form.This model hypothesizes the existence of separate stored representations for orthographic, semantic and phonologic representations of words. Different tasks whitethorn tap into different levels of representation. For example, lexical decisions may be accomplished by monitoring activation in the orthographic lexicon word naming will require access to the phonological lexicon (at least for words with moment playing- skillful correspondences) semantic classification requires access to stored semantic knowledge.By using such tasks, investigators could attempt to tap and test the characteristics of the different stages in the processing system. (Perea Carreiras, 2006) Thus, visual word recognition has proved attractive because it has a broadly specified multi-stage architecture, with the stages apparently open to testing via the judicious use of dif ferent tasks. Consequently it can respond as a test-bed for experiments concerned with such popular issues as how stored knowledge influences perception.A third reason for the large body of research on word recognition is that it is a basic process in reading upon which all other reading processes are predicated. Moreover, other processes in reading, such as syntactic parsing, sentence comprehension and so on, may exert only relatively weak influences on the recognition of fixated words, at least in skilled readers. In essence, skilled word identification may operate as a relatively free-standing module, and so can be studied in isolation from factors affect other reading processes.A fourth reason is that word identification is the interface between higher- order cognitive processes (such as those concerned with text comprehension) and eye movements. The outlet of such higher-order cognitive processes on eye movements can be assessed by testing whether saccadic and fixation patt erns on particular words vary gibe to the syntactic ambiguity of the sentence or according to whether the sentence contains a garden path. Studies of the relations between eye movements and word processing therefore speaks to the general issue of how the eye movement system is controlled. Most current accounts of visual word identification assume that, in dominion subjects, letter processing takes focalize in parallel across the word. A much more controversial issue concerns the nature of the representation that mediates lexical access. (Holcombe Judson, 2007) This controversy has a long fib in both experimental psychology and education.In recent years, the traditional view that reading is parasitic upon some form of speech code has unwrap way to the view that orthographic codes (at least in skilled readers) dominate lexical access. Pseudohomophones are nonword letter strings like PHOX that, when pronounced according to the normal spelling-sound correspondences of English, yi eld a pronunciation identical to that of a word (in this case FOX), which will be referred to as the alkali word. Pseudohomophones were pronounced more rapidly than control nonwords matched for orthographic properties.This effect, they argued, indicated some contact with lexical representations. However, they also found that pseudohomophone latency was uncorrelated with the frequence of the base word in spite of the fact that, when the base words were named, a respectable frequency effect was obtained. Pseudohomophone effect has been used for another purpose pseudohomophones take longer to reject than control nonwords in the lexical decision task. (Crutch Warrington, 2006) Again, the performance measured must (sometimes, to some degree) be reflecting contact with lexical representations.Yet, although they obtained such a pseudohomophone effect in their study, it was uninfluenced by the frequency of the base word. Hence, they argue, this lexical contact is not frequency sensitive. The alert reader will be impatient for the link to the reading of middling words. The account offered by McCann and Besner is as follows. For normal reading, an orthographic code is used to access a lexicon of orthographic word forms the best-matching instauration is then mapped to a lexicon of phonological word forms via a direct connection.Pseudohomophones activate entries in the phonological lexicon (inasmuch as they do) via a different spelling-sound conversion process (the assembly process of the three-pathway model). (Ferrand, Grainger, 2003) The absence of a frequency effect for pseudohomophones coupled with evidence that they do activate lexical representations (at least to some degree) indicates that mere activation of the phonological lexicon cannot be the locus of the frequency effect for ordinary naming.Therefore this must be localized in either (activation of) the orthographic lexicon (identification in my terminology) or the mapping process (retrieval). The locus of the effect is unlikely to be the former considerations of architectural parsimony suggest that the most plausible scenario is one where either both of these lexicons are frequency sensitive, or neither of them is. (Laxon, Masterson, Gallagher Pay, 2002) It is, therefore, conclude that a principal locus of frequency effect is within the links that join the various components of lexical memory.These links are commonly described as condition- achieve rules for mapping representations in one domain onto representations in another domain. For word naming, the relevant condition-action rules are those that link lexical entries in the orthographic input lexicon with lexical entries in the phonological railroad siding lexicon. It will be apparent that this argument is both indirect and heavily dependent upon a dubious appeal to parsimony. There may be more specific problems with their data.Inasmuch as they are examining effects of frequency upon access to a phonological lexicon used al so for auditory recognition, and inasmuch as the assembly process may be assumed to operate on the letter string from left to right, it would be appropriate to control for the effects of a variable well known to have major effects on auditory lexical decision time, namely recognition point that is, that point in the phonological string where it diverges from other words in the lexicon.The frequency of the base-word could only modulate this difference. Modulation of such a small effect cannot be smooth to detect reliably. As a benchmark, it may be noted that the range of the frequency effect in both mixed and blocked conditions was only approximately half the difference between words and nonwords. (Bosman, 1996) Pseudohomophones are more orthographically word-like than their control nonwords in spite of their being roughly equated in terms of summed bigram frequencies.A foreplay such as brane is often referred to as a pseudohomophone in the word-recognition literature because it s ounds like a real word despite the fact that it does not spell one. A common purpose is that subjects in the lexical-decision task are slower to respond no to pseudohomophones like brane than to control items like frane. A related finding is seen in the naming task, except that the direction of the effect is reversed.Pseudohomophones like brane are named faster than control items like frane. (Ferrand Grainger, 1992) Pseudohomophones have also been used to explore differences between good poor young readers, differences between left and right hemisphere processing, sub-typing of young readers, mechanisms of spelling-to-sound-translation, dyslexic reading, types, of phonological codes and to identify the locus of word frequency effects in word recognition, identification and production.The standard explanation for these effects assumes that assembled phonology makes contact with lexical entries in the phonological lexicon. In the case of the lexical-decision task, this impairs perfo rmance because the output from the phonological lexicon signals the presence of a word (the phonological representation of brain) while the output from the orthographic lexicon signals that it is not a word, because there is no orthographic entry corresponding to brane.Resolving this conflict takes time. ( cockertin, 1982) In naming the process of assembling phonology for a visually presented nonword letter string that corresponds to a real word in the phonological domain is more efficient because of the interaction with a whole word representation in the phonological lexicon nonwords that do not sound like a real word are denied this benefit.Because the presence of pseudohomophone effects in naming and lexical decision is embarrassing to a model which purports to give an account of these tasks, the tack they pursue is that pseudohomophone effects, when they are present in experiments, are not phonological in nature but simply reflect the fact that pseudohomophones are orthographica lly more similar to real words known to the reader than are the control items.(Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan Beeson, 2007) Therefore, if pseudohomophones and control items are matched in terms of the orthographic and phonological error scores produced by the model, there will be no pseudohomophone effect in either naming or lexical decision. Indeed, this is the result they describe in one of their experiments. The application of pseudohomophones in lexical decision and priming paradigms for the study of adults with a history of developmental language disorders (DLD) has a distinct returns over more explicit tests of phonological decoding such as nonword reading.With lexical decision measures it is possible to examine the early time course of phonological access and these techniques have been used effectively with a variety of patient populations that exhibit phonological processing deficits. The tasks tap implicit phonological awareness that may be present in the absence of ex plicit demonstrations that it exists. Based on previous research, it is predicted that the college-aged DLD readers in our study have phonological deficits that impact their word recognition ability and that this sort out will show less phonological awareness than their age-matched peers.(Simon, Petit, Bernard Rebai, 2007) Thus, our predictions for the current research are as follows. In the first experiment, a lexical decision task with pseudohomophones and orthographically controlled nonwords, it is predicted that control participants will show a typical pseudohomophone effect with slower and less accurate responses to pseudohomophones than to orthographic control nonwords. In contrast, it is predicted that the DLD group will not be as strongly influenced by the conflicting phonological information present in the pseudohomophone stimuli and will not show such an effect.In the second experiment investigating pseudohomophone semantic priming (e. g. , RANE-CLOUD) it is predicted th at the non-DLD participants will produce reduced reaction times for target words when they are preceded by semantically related pseudohomophones. This predicted pattern of results would be consistent with the view that adults with a history of DLD continue to have phonological processing deficits.ReferencesBosman AM de Groot AM phonological mediation is fundamental to reading evidence from beginning readers.The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology 1996 Aug 49(3) p. 715-44 Crutch SJ Warrington EK Word form access dyslexia understanding the basis of visual reading errors. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006) 2007 Jan 60(1) p. 57-78 Ferrand L Grainger J Homophone interference effects in visual word recognition. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology 2003 Apr 56(3) p.403-19 Ferrand L Grainger J Phonology and orthography in visual word recognition evidence from masked non-word priming. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology 1992 Oct 45(3) p. 353-72 Holcombe AO Judson J Visual binding of English and Chinese word parts is limited to low temporal frequencies. Perception 2007 36(1) p. 49-74 Johnson RL Rayner K Top-down and bottom-up effects in pure alexia Evidence from eye movements.Neuropsychologia 2007 Mar 7 Laxon V Masterson J Gallagher A Pay J Childrens reading of words, pseudohomophones, and other nonwords. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology 2002 Apr 55(2) p. 543-65 Martin RC The pseudohomophone effect the role of visual similarity in non-word decisions. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology 1982 Aug 34(Pt 3) p. 395-409